Based on the analysis to the pavement data collected in 5 Districts covering about 12,000 km long highway, a pavement performance equation with a general form has been developed, and with the equation, the effects of the pavement structural component, pavement bearing capacity, traffic and environmental condition on the pavement performance have been analyzed. The study results show that the pavement surface course thickness has a major effect on the pavement performance, the following are ESAL, deflection and base course type, and that in the early stage of performance curve, the surface course thickness plays a dominant role, while in the later stage, the effects of deflection become more significant than in the early stage. The analysis shows that in the 5 Districts mentioned in this paper, the service life difference of pavements due to the climatic condition reaches up to 22%.